Coeducation: Encyclopedia - Coeducation
Coeducation is the integrated education of men and women at the same school facilities; co-ed is a shortened adjectival form of co-educational.
"Coed" is an informal (and increasingly archaic) term for a female student attending such a college or university. Before the 1960's, most institutions of higher education restricted their enrollment to a single sex.
Coeducation - Coeducation in the United Kingdom
See Education in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, most schools are coeducational today. In England the first public coeducational boarding school was Bedales School founded in 1893 by John Haden Badley and coeducational since 1898. The Scottish Dollar Academy claims to be the first coeducational boarding school in the UK (in 1818). Many previously single-sex schools have begun to accept both sexes in the past few decades; for example, Clifton College began to accept girls in 1987.
List of current and historical women's universities and colleges, Single-sex school, Men's college, Women's college
Coeducation - Coeducation in the United States
The first coeducational institution of higher education in the United States was Franklin College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, established in 1787. Its first enrollment class in 1787 consisted of 78 male and 36 female students. Among the latter was Rebecca Gratz, the first Jewish female college student in the United States. However, the college began having financial problems and it was reopened as an all-male institution. It became coed again in 1969 under its current name, Franklin and Marshall College.
The longest continuously operating coeducational school in the United States is Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio, which was established in 1833.
The University of Iowa became the first public or state university in the United States to admit women, and for much of the next century, public universities, and land grant universities in particular, would lead the way in higher education coeducation.
The agitation for coeducation by early feminists grew through the American Civil War era, and by 1872 there were 97 American universities admitting women. Some institutions refused to integrate fully, but were willing to educate women in closely associated schools—a variation on the later "separate but equal" standard of racially segregated schools followed in some parts of the US. Examples of this parallelism include(d) Newcomb College at Tulane University in Louisiana, Radcliffe College at Harvard University in Massachusetts, and Barnard College at Columbia University in New York. A variety of sex-segregated women's institutions were founded, most notably the prestigious Seven Sisters. Of the seven, one is now fully coeducational (Vassar College), while five others are not (e.g. Wellesley College, Smith College, Mt. Holyoke College, Bryn Mawr College, and Barnard College). In 1999, Radcliffe College was dissolved and nominal sex separation of undergraduates at Harvard ceased. All women undergraduates at Harvard University now receive diplomas from Harvard College. Other notable women's colleges that have become coeducational include Ohio Wesleyan Female College, Skidmore College and Sarah Lawrence College in New York state, Goucher College in Maryland, Connecticut College, and Stephens College in Missouri.
It should be noted that many or most "common schools"—the neighborhood, village and county schools that educated most Americans through the end of the 19th century—were coeducational from the beginning, in part because small school districts could not fund separate educational facilities for girls and boys.
Remarkably, after a little more than a century in the mainstream higher education system of the United States, American women now earn the majority of bachelor's degrees and account for 60% of the enrolled undergraduate population. However, men still earn a majority of undergraduate degrees that lead to higher paying jobs (e.g. engineering) and a majority of graduate and professional degrees (e.g. PhDs and MDs).
"Coed" is an informal (and increasingly archaic) term for a female student attending such a college or university. Before the 1960's, most institutions of higher education restricted their enrollment to a single sex.
Coeducation - Coeducation in the United Kingdom
See Education in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, most schools are coeducational today. In England the first public coeducational boarding school was Bedales School founded in 1893 by John Haden Badley and coeducational since 1898. The Scottish Dollar Academy claims to be the first coeducational boarding school in the UK (in 1818). Many previously single-sex schools have begun to accept both sexes in the past few decades; for example, Clifton College began to accept girls in 1987.
List of current and historical women's universities and colleges, Single-sex school, Men's college, Women's college
Coeducation - Coeducation in the United States
The first coeducational institution of higher education in the United States was Franklin College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, established in 1787. Its first enrollment class in 1787 consisted of 78 male and 36 female students. Among the latter was Rebecca Gratz, the first Jewish female college student in the United States. However, the college began having financial problems and it was reopened as an all-male institution. It became coed again in 1969 under its current name, Franklin and Marshall College.
The longest continuously operating coeducational school in the United States is Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio, which was established in 1833.
The University of Iowa became the first public or state university in the United States to admit women, and for much of the next century, public universities, and land grant universities in particular, would lead the way in higher education coeducation.
The agitation for coeducation by early feminists grew through the American Civil War era, and by 1872 there were 97 American universities admitting women. Some institutions refused to integrate fully, but were willing to educate women in closely associated schools—a variation on the later "separate but equal" standard of racially segregated schools followed in some parts of the US. Examples of this parallelism include(d) Newcomb College at Tulane University in Louisiana, Radcliffe College at Harvard University in Massachusetts, and Barnard College at Columbia University in New York. A variety of sex-segregated women's institutions were founded, most notably the prestigious Seven Sisters. Of the seven, one is now fully coeducational (Vassar College), while five others are not (e.g. Wellesley College, Smith College, Mt. Holyoke College, Bryn Mawr College, and Barnard College). In 1999, Radcliffe College was dissolved and nominal sex separation of undergraduates at Harvard ceased. All women undergraduates at Harvard University now receive diplomas from Harvard College. Other notable women's colleges that have become coeducational include Ohio Wesleyan Female College, Skidmore College and Sarah Lawrence College in New York state, Goucher College in Maryland, Connecticut College, and Stephens College in Missouri.
It should be noted that many or most "common schools"—the neighborhood, village and county schools that educated most Americans through the end of the 19th century—were coeducational from the beginning, in part because small school districts could not fund separate educational facilities for girls and boys.
Remarkably, after a little more than a century in the mainstream higher education system of the United States, American women now earn the majority of bachelor's degrees and account for 60% of the enrolled undergraduate population. However, men still earn a majority of undergraduate degrees that lead to higher paying jobs (e.g. engineering) and a majority of graduate and professional degrees (e.g. PhDs and MDs).
Coeducation - U.S. institutions of higher education coeducational from establishment
Franklin College (1787) (later changed to become all-male)
Oberlin College (1833)
Alfred University (1836)
Hillsdale College (1844)
Olivet College (1844)
Lawrence University (1847)
Antioch College (1853)
University of Iowa (1856)
Cornell University (1865) (first woman enrolled in 1870, first woman graduated in 1873)
Boston University (1869)
Swarthmore College (1870)
Stanford University (1891)
University of Chicago (1892)
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (1893)
Rice University (1912)
Brandeis University (1948)
Coeducation - Years U.S. educational institutions became coeducational
Schools that were previously all-female are listed in italics.
Oberlin College (1833)
Alfred University (1836)
Hillsdale College (1844)
Olivet College (1844)
Lawrence University (1847)
Antioch College (1853)
University of Iowa (1856)
Cornell University (1865) (first woman enrolled in 1870, first woman graduated in 1873)
Boston University (1869)
Swarthmore College (1870)
Stanford University (1891)
University of Chicago (1892)
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (1893)
Rice University (1912)
Brandeis University (1948)
Coeducation - Years U.S. educational institutions became coeducational
Schools that were previously all-female are listed in italics.
Coeducation - Coeducation in China
The first coeducational institution of higher learning in China was the Nanjing Higher Normal Institute, now Nanjing University. For thousands of years in China, education, especially higher education, was the privilege of men. In the 1910s women's universities were established such as Ginling Women's University, Peking Girl's Higher Normal School, but coeducation was still prohibited. Tao Xingzhi, the Chinese advocator of coeducation, proposed The Audit Law for Women Students on the meeting of Nanjing Higher Normal Institute hold on December 7th, 1919. He also proposed the university to recruit girl students. They were supported by the president Guo Bingwen, academic director Liu Boming and such famous professors Lu Zhiwei, Yang Xingfo, and were opposed by many famous men of the time. Finally, the meeting passed the law and decided to recruit women students next year. Nanjing Higher Normal Institute enrolled eight coeducational Chinese women students in 1920. In the same year Peking University also began to allow women audit students. The most notable girl student of that time may be Chien-Shiung Wu.
After 1949, when the Communist Party of China controlled mainland China, almost all schools and universities became coeducational. In recent years, however, many girl schools and women colleges have again emerged.
After 1949, when the Communist Party of China controlled mainland China, almost all schools and universities became coeducational. In recent years, however, many girl schools and women colleges have again emerged.
Coeducation - Co-education in Hong Kong
St. Paul's Co-educational College was the first co-educational secondary school in Hong Kong. It was founded in 1915 as St. Paul's Girls' College. At the end of the World War II operation was temporarily merged with St. Paul's College, which is a boys' school. When class at the campus of St. Paul's College was resumed, it continued to be co-educational, and changed to its present name.
See also
List of current and historical women's universities and colleges
Single-sex school
Men's college
Women's college
Single-sex school
Men's college
Women's college
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